ACTIVITY PROFILE BETWEEN WINNERS AND LOSERS SILAT OLAHRAGA IN WOMEN CLASS C SINGAPORE 28th SEA GAMES 2015


Title: Activity Profile Between Winners and Losers in Female  C class athlete in 28th Sea Games 2015.
Abstract
Introduction.This review is to decide the activity and indicators that used between a winner and loser, Indonesia vs. Singapore female Class C (60 kg). Indonesia won the game. Material and methods. There are many indicators that can be found in Silat Oahraga but in this review, the statistic of this game was consist of punch, kick, topple and sweep. The outcome will be classified into three which were hit target, hit elsewhere, and miss opponent (Shapie, Oliver, O’Donoghue, & Tong, 2013).
Results.The result of the statistical analyses of independent T-test was performed and showed there is significantly difference between winning and loser in their profile component. Conclusion. This finding suggested that, there was a difference in sweep and kick between winner and loser, it can be said that this can be one of the indicators to win or lose the game. Also suggested that the opponent’s defending skills also affecting the points gained or lose.

Introduction
According to Kartomi (2011), Silat Olahraga is the art of self defence and is a contemporary umbrella term used in Indonesia and Malaysia and other parts of Southeast Asia to designate the hundreds of traditional and modern martial art genres that are performed either solo or as a duel, and with or without musical accompaniment.
Previous research has notated the component technique that been used in defensive and offensive movement such as in mixed martial arts. But there is no specific research that described the activity involved in silat olahraga that specifically describes the activity that contributes to the physiological demands of this combat sport. Pesilat can perform their technique of blocking by using hand while topple can use hand or leg to take down the opponent. For kicking there have side kick and straight kick and to get the point or score must kick at the pad which is located from chest to centre. However, the point for topple will be collected according to the opponent falling down to the ground. The notational analyses are used to record the all techniques in silat olahraga but for the exponent just focus on the block, kick, punch, topple hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent. As an athlete who competed in the competition, situation is influenced by various factors such as physical, technical, tactical, and psychological (Latifah, Rusdiana, Ugelta, Budiman, & Karmini, 2017).

Materials and method
Match Analysis
The data has been collected based on 28th Sea Games Singapore 2015 Pencak Silat Tanding women 60kg class C final category between Vietnam and Indonesia, semifinal between Philipines and Indonesia, lastly a match quarterfinal between Indonesian and Singapore. The video was collected by using the YouTube Channel. The winning and losing participant will be classified and notate the motion that used for both opponent. The game-related statistics were collected. Data collected was punch, kick, topple, sweep, hit target, hit elsewhere and miss target. The video has been notated by Nur Fazlyana bt Mohd Mukhtar.
Motion Categories
There are different types of motion in silat such as:
Punch:
‘Tumbuk’ attack is done by a hand with closed fist hitting the target. In silat, punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch ‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to oxponent body’s (Anuar, 1992)
Kick:
The kick ‘tendang’ or ‘terajang’ is an attacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick ‘tendang depan’, side kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick ‘tendang lengkar’ (Anuar, 1992).
Block:
Blocking movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’ which the exponent stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows, and legs with the purpose to block off a striking back at any attack (Anuar, 1992).
Catch:
The catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to obstruct the opponent from carrying out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction. A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist is also forbidden. These regulations exit to protect the silat exponent’s (Anuar, 1992).
Topple:
There are various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every fall is considered valid as long as the silat exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling or he is able to overpower the opponent whom he has brought down.
Sweep:
The blocking movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’ the exponent stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose to block off or striking back at any attack.
Dodge:
The evade ‘elakan’ technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his defensive movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’ and ducking ‘susup’.
Self-Release:
 Self-release ‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an opponent.
Block and Punch:
 The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the hand to punch the opponent.
Block and Kick:
 The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent.
Block and Sweep:
 The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent.

Fake Punch:
 An action which silat exponent intend to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture.
Fake Kick:
 An action which silat exponent intend to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive posture.

Statiscal Analysis
All the raw data collected from all matches used the system produced by Shapie at all by 2013. Statiscal analysis was conducted using SPSS. A descriptive analysis was used to determine the different of performance between winners and losers in silat matches.
Results
Table 1. Indonesia vs. Singapore female Class C (Indonesian won)
Action
Outcome
Winner
Loser
Total

HT
HE
MO
NA
HT
HE
MO
NA
Block



1




1
Block and Kick









Block and Punch









Block and Sweep









Kick
5
17


4
22

1
49
Fake Kick









Punch




4
3


7
Fake Punch
1


5
2


1
9
Self-release









Topple
1







1
Sweep
1
7
1





9
Catch
2



5



7
Dodge









Total
10
24
1
6
15
25

2
83
*HT=Hit Target HE=Hit Elsewhere MO=Miss Opponent NA=Not Available


Table 1.1 Frequency profile of 2 opponents
Exponent
Punch
Kick
Topple
Sweep
Total
Winner

22
1
9
32
Loser

27


27
Total

49
1
9
59

Table 1.2 Mean for each team
Winner
(22 + 1 + 9) / 4 = 8
Loser
27/4 =6.75

Table 2.Vietnam vs Singapore female Class C (Vietnam won)
Action
Outcome
HE
HT
MO
NA
Total

VIE
SIN
VIE
SIN
VIE
SIN
VIE
SIN
VIE
SIN
Block
4
5
1


2


5
2
Block and Kick

5

3





3
Block and Punch










Block and Sweep










Kick
2
5
13
14
2
6


18
25
Fake Kick






96
1
96
1
Punch










Fake Punch










Self-Release


1
2

1



4
Topple
1
1
3

4
3


8
4
Sweep

2

1
7
2


7
5
Catch
3
1
5
2
2
22


9
25
Dogde
3
3
5
2
1
2


9
7
Others






29
29
29
29
Total
13
22
28
24
16
38
115
30
181
105
Table 2.1 Frequency profile of 2 opponents
Exponent
Punch
Kick
Topple
Sweep
Total
Winner

17
8
7
32
Loser

25
4
5
34
Total

42
12
12
66

Table 2.2  Mean for each team
Winner
(17+8+7)/4 =8
Loser
(25+4+5)/4 = 8.5

Table 3. Indonesia vs. Philippine female Class C (Indonesia won)
Action
Outcome
HE
HT
MO
NA
Total

INA
PHI
INA
PHI
INA
PHI
INA
PHI
INA
PHI
Block


5
2




5
2
Block and Kick










Block and Punch










Block and Sweep










Kick
21
27
13
8


5
5
39
40
Fake Kick







1

1
Punch

1
3
6




3
7
Fake Punch



1



6

7
Self-Release



2





2
Topple


1





1

Sweep
2

1

2



5

Catch
2
1






2
1
Dogde










Others










Total
25
29
23
19
2

5
12
115

Table 3.1 Frequency profile of 2 opponents

Punch
Kick
Sweep
Topple
Total
Winner
3
39
5
2
49
Loser
7
40


47
TOTAL
10
79
5
2
96

Table 3.2 Mean for each team
Winner
(3 + 39 + 5 + 2) / 4
12.25
Loser
(7 + 40 ) / 7
11.75


Discussion
Silat Olahraga is a popular Asian martial art same like muay thai and boxing. This game is combining a traditional and modern method and also to prove ability that was a mix of hand to hand fighting aptitudes, battling, and self-protection. The examination past is states that silat competitors tought to be extraordinary in both kicking and punching yet punching recurrence is lower than a kicking (Shapie et al., 2013). But, silat competitors should create punching ability speedier and precise in light of the fact that punching is the high rate effective of hitting target contrast with kicking expertise in rivalry (M. M. Shapie et al., 2013). From match between Indonesia and Singapore, can see that punch is rarely been used by both competitors for every round. Both exponents are really careful in doing any technique but Indonesia has ability in doing a kicking and got point from that. Also Indonesia got her points from 9 sweeps and 1 topple and Singapore has doing any of the motions.  Competitor must wise to make strategy plan and technique during match (Wahab, 1989).
For the second match result which is Vietnam and Indonesia which Vietnam is winning this match, what can observed from the video is Vietnam do more attacking than Thailand especially on topple and sweep. This observation was for the winner while for the loser is Indonesia is make less attacking during match especially on punch, topple and sweep. Indonesia gives more opportunity to Vietnam to make more attacking during match.  From the observation, Vietnam did 8 sweep and 7 topple during total round in the match and lead the game. Indonesia doing less sweep and topple also no punch at all from both of the exponents. During the low intensity activity both of the silat exponents were deemed to be performing low activity actions such as “sikap pasang” posture or coming close to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah”. Silat competitors must improve their fitness level to improve the performance (Fong & Ng, 2011).
In the third match observation between Indonesia and Philipines which Indonesia won the game, can see that she doing less punch but perform well in kick, sweep and topple. Especially in kicking she did like almost 39 kick and for sweep and topple both were 5 and 2. While Philipines really perform in punch and kicking which 7 punch and 40 kicking but has not doing any motion on sweeping and topple. Philipines is less in doing attacking giving Indonesia advantages to win the match.

Conclusion
            Based on the researcher, punch hit target, kick hit target, sweep and topple skill was mostly used for winning team (Anuar, 1993). The current review has give a good understanding of the information for the Silat Olahraga by looking at the activity involved in competition. Both of the exponents performed more high intensity actions than low intensity actions.
Based on the observation, the winning team used a lot of technique or skill that involve the higher point such as topple down and sweep. Both competitors for every matches also less using a punch. They did more on kicking, sweep and topple. The competitor should improve their skill especially on punch. Besides, all the three video matches that observed and what can be seen was the weakness are the competitor had lack of speed and power on kicking, punching, topple down and sweep. From all the video notated, Indonesia competitor has really gave good fight to all her opponents until she lose in final with Vietnam. Also from there can see which motion can lead to success in game.
Silat olahraga is the native martial art and very famous Malay sport in Malaysia (M. M. Shapie et al., 2013) . This sport expose very well in Malaysia and many citizens want to involve this sport. All the competitor should improve and develop more fitness level especially in speed and power if want to be more expert athlete in silat olahraga.



Reference
A. Anuar. (1993). Silat olahraga (2nd edn.). The art, technique and regulations: Dewan    Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.
A. A. Wahab. (1989). Silat olahraga: The art, techniques and regulations: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
D. Farrer. (2009). Seni silat haqq melayu: A sufi martial art Shadows of the prophet (pp. 3-42): Springer.
Kavoura A., Ryba T.V., Kokkonen M. (2012), Psychological Research on
 Martial Artists,  “Scandinavian Sport StudiesForum”, vol. 3, pp. 1-23.
Latiff, Z. A. (2012). Revisiting Pencak Silat: The Malay Martial Arts in Theatre Practice and Actor Training. Asian Theatre Journal 29(2), 379-401. University of Hawai'i Press. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from Project MUSE database.
M. M. Shapie, J. Oliver, P. O’Donoghue, & R. Tong. (2013). Activity profile during action time  in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts., 1(2), 81-86.
N. Shapie, J. Oliver, P. O'Donoghue, & R. Tong. (2013). Activity profile during action time in national silat competition. Journal of Combat Sport and Martial Arts, 4(1), 81-85.
S. S. M. Fong, & G. Y. F. Ng. (2011). Does taekwondo training improve physical fitness? Physical Therapy in Sport, 12(2), 100-106. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2010.07.001
S. Lenetsky, R. J. Nates, M. Brughelli, & N. K. Harris. (2015). Is effective mass in combat sports punching above its weight? Human Movement Science, 40, 89-97. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.11.016
Williams N, O’Donoghue PG. Techniques used in mixed-martial arts competition. In:
            Dancs H, Hughes M, O’Donoghue PG, editors. (2006) Performance Analysis
         of Sport 7. 23rd- 26th August 2006, Szombathely, Hungary. Cardiff: CPA
           UWIC Press; 2006, 369-375.
Witkowski K., Cynarski W.J., Blazejewski W. (2013), Motivations and determinants
           underlying the practice of martial arts and combat sports, “Ido Movement for
          Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, vol. 13,    no. 1, pp. 17-26.
Kavoura A., Ryba T.V., Kokkonen M. (2012), Psychological Research on
         Martial Artists,  “Scandinavian Sport StudiesForum”, vol. 3, pp. 1-23.
(Source: Pencak Silat Tanding Class C Final Vietnam vs. Indonesianon Day 9 of 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbTydViG6pU)
(Source: Pencak Silat Tanding Class Semi-Final Indonesia vs. Philipines on Day 8 of 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7d9BCCj-DIE)
(Source: Pencak Silat Tanding Class C Quaterfinal Indonesia vs Singapore on Day 6 of 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWJhMdXN1Ms)

  

Appendices
1) Group Statistic between Indonesia and Singapore (Indonesian won)


Statistics

WinnerC
LoserC
N
Valid
32
27
Missing
0
5
Mean
2.59
2.00
Std. Error of Mean
.161
.000
Std. Deviation
.911
.000
Variance
.830
.000
Range
2
0

WinnerC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
kick
22
68.8
68.8
68.8
topple
1
3.1
3.1
71.9
sweep
9
28.1
28.1
100.0
Total
32
100.0
100.0


LoserC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
kick
27
84.4
100.0
100.0
Missing
System
5
15.6


Total
32
100.0




2) Group statistic between Vietnam and Indonesia (Vietnam won)

Statistics

WinnerC
LoserC
N
Valid
32
34
Missing
2
0
Mean
2.69
2.41
Std. Error of Mean
.145
.127
Std. Deviation
.821
.743
Variance
.673
.553
Range
2
2

WinnerC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
kick
17
50.0
53.1
53.1
topple
8
23.5
25.0
78.1
sweep
7
20.6
21.9
100.0
Total
32
94.1
100.0

Missing
System
2
5.9


Total
34
100.0



LoserC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
kick
25
73.5
73.5
73.5
topple
4
11.8
11.8
85.3
sweep
5
14.7
14.7
100.0
Total
34
100.0
100.0


3) Group statistic between Indonesia and Philipines (Indonesia won)

Statistics

WinnerC
LoserC
N
Valid
49
47
Missing
0
2
Mean
2.12
1.85
Std. Error of Mean
.081
.052
Std. Deviation
.564
.360
Variance
.318
.130
Range
3
1


WinnerC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
punch
3
6.1
6.1
6.1
kick
39
79.6
79.6
85.7
topple
5
10.2
10.2
95.9
sweep
2
4.1
4.1
100.0
Total
49
100.0
100.0




LoserC

Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
punch
7
14.3
14.9
14.9
kick
40
81.6
85.1
100.0
Total
47
95.9
100.0

Missing
System
2
4.1


Total
49
100.0


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